Omega Dietary suppliments

Organizations being squeezed between labor and product markets need to A. Couple pay policies with creative HER, production, and marketing management to make workers' contributions more valuable and products more profitable. B. Change their strategic mission and direction, moving to more attractive Industries. C. Move from Job-based pay structures to skill-based pay systems, where employees are empowered and jobs are more enriched. D. Move their operations overseas. 2. Pay specifically designed to energize, direct, or control employees' behavior is known asA. Empowerment pay. B. Exempt pay. C. Indirect pay. D. Incentive pay. 3. Three of the following are vesting rights. Which is not a vesting right? A. The right to a pension regardless of whether or not the employee remains with the employer until retirement B. In most cases, a waiting period of no more than five years or a three- to seven-year period, with 20 percent in the third and each year thereafter C. The right to a pension at retirement D. A guarantee that the employer won't switch the pension plan from defined-benefit to defined-contribution plan 4.A system in which an employer pays a worker specifically for each unit produced Is known as A. Hourly wage. B. Salary. C. Piecework rate. D. Gross pay. 5. Which level of child care Is most frequently provided by organizations with 100 or more employees? A. The organization offers no support within this area. B. The organization operates a day- care center at or near the workplace. C. The organization supplies and helps employees collect information about the cost and quality of available child care. D. The organization provides vouchers or discounts for employees to use at existing hill-care facilities. . Due to increasing diversity within the workplace, many employers are extending benefits to A. Independent contractors. B. Domestic partners. C. Anyone living within the employee's household. D. Extended-family members. 7. Since the sass, the trend in larger public companies is to grant stock options to A. All exempt employees. B. All employees. C. All top and middle managers. D. Only top management. 8. Which act permits a lower training wage, which employers may pay to workers under the age of 20 for a period of up to 90 days?DAD 9. On average, out Of every donor spent on compensation, about cents go to benefits. A. 30 B. 8 C. 45 D. 17 10. The Scandal plan is a variation of which type of incentive? A. Merit pay B. Shanghaiing C. Profit sharing D. Individual 11. From which source do most retirees receive the largest percentage of their retirement income? A. Private pensions B. Social Security C. Disability insurance D. Earnings from personal assets 12. Which of the following is a false statement about key jobs? A. Key Jobs are Jobs on which it's possible to obtain arrest-pay survey data. . Key Jobs are relatively stable in content. C. Key Jobs have many incumbents within the organization. D. Key Jobs are common to many organizations. 1 3. Employees who have met the enrollment and length-of-service requirements to receive a pension at retirement, regardless of whether they remained with the employer until that time, are said to be A. Pensioners. B. Vested. C. Retirees. D. Expatriates. 14. Which of the following is not an advantage of a balanced measures that are directed toward both the company's longhand short-term objectives.B. Communicating a balanced scorecard helps employees understand the organization's goals and how they might contribute to these goals. C. A balanced scorecard links external pay rates with internal Job structures, allowing organizations to gain both internal and external pay equity. D. A balanced scorecard balances the disadvantages of one type of incentive pay with the advantages of another type. 15. If employees conclude that they're underrated, they're likely to make up the difference in three of the following ways.Which is not a way in which employees who eel underrated are likely to mak e up the difference? A. Refusing to cooperate B. Finding a way to reduce their outcomes C. Reducing their inputs D. Withdrawing by leaving the organization 16. Which of the following is an advantage of group incentives? A. Groups trying to outdo one another in satisfying customers B. Encouraging team members to compete with each other so they can achieve their goal C. Group more likely using a broad range of performance measures D. Rewarding the performance of all employees at a facility 17.An employee produces 0 components in an hour and earns $8. 00 ($. 80 x 10), while an employee who produces 12 components per hour earns $9. 60 ($. 80 x 12). This arrangement is an example of a plan. A. Straight-salary B. Commission C. Differential-piece-rate D. Straight-piecework 18. Which of the following is a false statement about the Fair Labor Standards Act? A. Nonexempt employees are covered by ELSE and include most hourly workers. B. The overtime rate under the ELSE is one and a half times the employee's hourly rate, including any bonuses and piece-rate payments. C.The FALLS remits a submission training wage equal to 85 percent of the minimum wage. D. The ELSE requires federal contractors to pay prevailing wage rates. End of exam 19. An organization is adjusting pay to better match a local labor market in which the cost of living is rising sharply. These adjustments are called A. Green-circle rates. B. Rank-and-file adjustments. C. Pay differentials. D. Bonuses. 20. The National Compensation Survey is an ongoing activity of the A. FALL-CIO. B. Society for Human Resource Management. C. American Management Association. D. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Love for One’s Country

Love for one’s own country Loving one’s own country is closely associated with patriotism. Patriotism is a loyal feeling which one has about his own country. one must have a deep and passionate loyal feeling about his country. One of these feelings of one man in a country is upsurge and unhonoured. The feeling has kindled many dormant nations into actions. History is filled up with instances where patriotic people under able leadership have saved their land. Our father of nation Mahatma Gandhi bought for the freedom of our country with a burning patriotic zeal.One must take pride in the culture and beauty of one’s own country, the rivers, mountains, hills, valleys, deltas must inspire one’s patriotic feeling. He has to encourage the art and trade of his country. He must support his country as his duty. He shall never do anything that would bring down the fair name and image of his country. In the present context of the world the narrow patriotism is nearly out moded. country however powerful or rich can stand isolated. The world is shining with the fast mode of communication and no country is too far away.The complex economy of the world has every country dependent on one another. Self-contained condition is only a thing of past, every culture today is what it has rowed from culture. No culture can boast of being pure. so there is no meaning in narrow nationalisation . it is safe to conclude that fantastic patriotism is bad though loving ones country for beherment and good deals is a noble act. Being proud of India is not enough. Resolve to do something in your lifetime that India will be proud of†¦..

Executive Summary Franks Pizza Pan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Executive Summary Franks Pizza Pan - Essay Example The new MIS has the potential of solving the problem of market uncertainties where businesses are not aware of the exact locations of their markets. The executive summary is actually concise and accurate in content, but loses conciseness and accuracy in language use. This makes the summary not engaging as it is supposed to be. One factor that makes it lose engaging feature is vagueness. The author does not use exact business and technological terms required for a business plan. An example is â€Å"narrow down locations for business improvement† instead of â€Å"market segmentation and positioning.† As an executive officer reading this executive summary, I think I would take too much time to be convinced of the exact problem that the MIS intends to address and its benefits. Apart from these, the executive summary has covered all parts of sections of the assignment. I can only add that when you want to prepare a business plan, consider communicative terms suitable for the context, and not just passing

Internet Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internet Censorship - Research Paper Example The censorship also comes in the form of government-mandated blocking of access to materials which are not appropriate for adults. This approach is being carried out in Australia, China, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam (EFA). These countries require internet service providers to prevent material from reaching the internet users. Other countries only allow limited access to the net through government access areas (Bidgoli, p. 264). Internet censorship also comes in the form of government prohibition in public access to the internet. Different countries have been known to limit public access to the net, or they sometimes call for users to be licensed by the government before they can access the internet. The important consideration in the application of internet censorship is the fact that what is prohibited in one country may not be prohibited in other countries. Case in point is the rating of movies which may be different in different countries (EFA). In effect, what may be deemed R-18 in France, may only be classified as 12 in the US, or vice versa. In Australia, internet censorship consists of laws passed by the Commonwealth and the state governments. In 1999, the Broadcast Services Amendment (Online Services) Act of 1999 was passed (Moses). This law basically implements access prevention at server levels. The Commonwealth government of Australia is a complaints-based system which can be implemented to content hosts, but not to content creators (EFA). The hosts are mandated to remove Australian hosted material from the server which is labeled as objectionable upon receipt of orders from a government regulator. The Australian Broadcasting Authority informs the filtering software providers of the materials being sponsored beyond... This paper stresses that the world press has been very critical of internet censorship, most especially because it is their material which is often the subject of censors. They point out the fact that repressive regimes are fully benefitting from internet censors because they control and repress reform and debates. The above discussion exemplifies the extent of internet censorship around the world. These censors were originally set forth because of the pervasive use of the internet for child pornography. However, the censorship has now evolved into other materials and content; it now covers materials which are racist, anti-government, or anti-religion. This censorship has now been imposed in various territories in order to manage subversive content from inciting citizens to activities of civil unrest. For the most part, such censors seek to control people’s activities in the internet, stirring these away from the offensive and subversive activities. Some territories are howeve r not supporting internet censorship because it is part of the protected laws of their lands – mostly on the freedom of speech and expression. To this day, internet censorship remains to be a well-debated practice. On one side, it is supported for the benefits and protection it can give to the citizens and to peaceful governments and on the other, it is vilified for its suppressive and repressive implications. Regardless of its applications, the internet will continue to develop and evolve into an even more pervasive and widely used technology.

Human Rights Act 1998 s 3 s 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Rights Act 1998 s 3 s 4 - Essay Example Rights Act was geared towards bringing about a â€Å"major constitutional change† within the UK3 in order to ensure that the freedoms and human rights guaranteed to individuals under the European Convention of Human Rights were more effectively incorporated into national law. Klug and Starmer have spelt out the goals of the HRA as follows: (a) ensuring compliances with human rights principles (b) interpreting domestic legislation such that it is compatible with the Act (c) introducing the doctrine of horizontal effect and (d) modifying grounds for judicial review4. In the balance of division of powers within the UK, Parliament emerges supreme and therefore this leads to a centralized form of Government. Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK has therefore posed the urgent need for Constitutional reform within the country.5 However, Klug and Starmer also point out that five years after the Human Rights Act came into force on 2nd October 2000, conflicting views are offered about its efficacy, with some experts concluding that the only difference is that a wider range of questions may be asked by judicial authorities although the answers remain the same while others contend that UK courts have demonstrated their ability to interpret and apply the principles of the ECHR in national law. The essential conflict with the democratic principles of Parliamentary Sovereignty6 upon which UK law has been based - mandating Parliament’s authority as the supreme law making authority, has also produced resistance to the HRA7. The two major sections of the HRA that are significant are sections 3 and 4. The provisions of Section 3 of the Human Rights Act states that Parliament legislation must be read and given effect to in a way that will be compatible with Convention rights â€Å"so far as it is possible to do so.†8 In the event that domestic legislation is found to be incompatible with individual rights spelt out in the Convention, and statutory interpretation is not possible,

Discrimination and disparity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discrimination and disparity - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that discrimination refers to the act of treating someone in a less favorable way either because of some specific reasons or because of the race, gender, or class of that person. This essay discusses that discrimination injects a sense of dejectedness in a society and destroys the concept of equality. The basic understanding underlining the case study is that disparity, on the other hand, refers to the differences that exist between different groups of people. As Rivera states, â€Å"Disparity is believed by many to be a product of discrimination and starts with the process of arrest all the way to the sentencing structures†. The present research has identified that in the criminal justice system of a country, discrimination is a serious issue. The author has rightly presented that people having low social status usually face more trials as compared to the people having good financial status. This paper illustrates that this is a pur e example of discrimination. The researcher states that, on the other hand, a high figure of people of the same race held in a jail does not indicate that there is a high level of discrimination in the criminal justice system of that country.   Rather it indicates the group differences that exist between every two groups living in a society. This refers to group disparity. People belonging to one particular group are likely to do more crimes because of their way of living.

Define Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws. How do these relate to an Essay

Define Newtons 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws. How do these relate to an exercise Give at least 3 examples - Essay Example It states that if a force is exerted on a body with mass m then the body would only accelerate or decelerate in the direction of the relative forces. Hence it can be concluded that F=ma where f is force, m is mass and a is acceleration. A real life example of the second law can be considered when the horsepower of a car is analyzed. If a car has a horsepower of 2300CC then it would move at a great speed. Similarly if the mass of this car is increased then the speed would decrease in the same manner. And lastly if the horsepower of the car is increased without changing the mass then the car would move at an even higher speed. The third law of Newton states that every action has an opposite reaction which would try to oppose the action in real. A real life example of this law can be seen when we are swimming or rowing. It is seen that as we push the water behind the water exerts a force in response which helps us move ahead. Both action and reaction can be seen in this

Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion Question - Essay Example Personally, the author thinks that utilitarianism should be observed which means for the benefit of the majority. The concept supporting it is called teleological theory. It is the ethical theory that focuses on the end result which is in favor of the majority (Timby 44). In addition, fidelity and justice must be observed in rescuing those people in the hospital. Both principles are important as the former provides a work-related commitment of nurses while the latter provides an indiscriminate way of helping others (Ibid 46). 3. It may be risky but saving lives should be the priority. Self-interest may be put aside, but it does not mean that the lives of the five people in that situation must be ended. They may look for alternatives in helping them like calling the nearest fire brigade and disaster response team. In addition, the doctor and Peter must follow the example of Margaret in saving the lives of other patients. Doctors must also ensure the interest of the patients before their own as it is part of their oath and core values. On the other hand, Peter also has a responsibility in saving the patients since it is part of his duty to prepare any rescue and evacuation procedures in case of emergencies. 4. The possible consequences may be the deaths of those who went down to rescue the remaining patients in the damaged hospital. Recent hurricane has destroyed the hospital together with the crashing helicopter. On the other hand, it is also possible that more lives will be saved without any casualties if there would be other rescuers. 5. The alternatives can be prioritized by following the values that must be rendered by the profession in saving lives and prioritizing the welfare of the patients. It is quite normal for people to become scared and risk their lives since they may die in the process. It may be overcome by allowing the utilitarian perspective to be the guide in decision-making. 6. The doctor and Peter must follow the

Digital and Analog TV Essay Example for Free

Digital and Analog TV Essay On February 17, 2009, the Congress of the United States mandates the full shift to digital television transmission. The law is perceived to bring several benefits to the US viewing public. Broadcast frequency bands will be available mainly for public safety purposes, for example, police and fire department concerns. Remaining portions of the old TV broadcast spectrum can be offered for technologically advanced applications such as wireless broadband. The use of digital-capable television sets allows American viewers more choices of what programs to watch, since digital broadcasts can accommodate so much more programs (Federal Communications Commission, 2008). The law is not expected to be received openly by the television viewing public, 100 percent. Since it leaves them no choice but to convert millions of TV sets from analog to digital and give up the true fidelity that analog audio signals offer. This paper aims to point out the differences of digital and analog TV. By doing so, advantages and disadvantages of each can be compared and the individual viewer can make a better choice. Robert Silva (2008) lists differences between analog TV and Digital TV. He says these these differences lie mainly in the manner of transmitting broadcasts, signal content within a bandwidth in the broadcast spectrum, and the ability to broadcast in widescreen (169) format. Transmission Analog television transmission is based on and started after World War II with black and white broadcasts. It complied with the US analog TV standard known as NTSC. After several years, color broadcasting was introduced and accommodated under the NTSC system. The video is transmitted through the AM radio band while audio is transmitted through the FM band. The reception quality depends on the distance from the television station transmitters and obstacles in between. The farther away from the transmission station the TV reception is more prone to ghosting and other video disturbances. Although analog transmission can accommodate all the technicalities of high fidelity reception, the assigned bandwidth to a television channel restricts and limits broadcast quality. Digital TV is based on modern digital technology. It was designed for BW and color broadcasts as well as audio. It handles information in the same manner as computers: on (with a binary value of â€Å"1†) or off (with a binary value of â€Å"0†). Digital broadcasts allow viewers to see uniform reception quality regardless of the distance from the transmitter. Either the digital television receives the broadcast or the TV screen remains blank (it does not receive anything at all). Signal Content Digital TV broadcasts can accommodate complete video, audio, and other information signals within the same bandwidth. Furthermore, digital television can accommodate advances in technology like High Definition (HDTV) signals. In contrast, analog TV broadcast can only send limited traditional video signals. Format The development of wide screen format programming allows the broadcast of the 169 format. Today, widescreen LCD television are getting more popular; but still expensive. It offers the advantage of portraying on the TV screen wide footages of events without the camera lens distortion caused by distances. Furthermore, the widescreen image occupies the whole digital television screen. On the other hand, analog television sets will show widescreen images with portions on top and below blacked out. The widescreen format may not be important to the regular TV viewer. For millions of television watchers, the old analog screen is good enough. Conclusion Paul Wotel (2008) gives an objective assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of both digital and analog television. Some people may opt for the old traditional analog equipment such as phones while others prefer the cordless digital phones. If you want sound fidelity, he recommends the old phones. For more advanced applications, such as the PABX systems, he recommends a digital system. The same reasoning may be applied to television sets. However, the present situation requires new priorities which did not exist before. Today, there is much concern on security and priority is given to police and fire department communications. By requiring television stations to convert to digital transmission, most of the broadcast bandwidth can be assigned to security applications. The advantages of digital television allow the viewing public to benefit from the information age we find ourselves in. Digital television can also take advantage of the internet which has become part of the lives of many, particularly the young generation. Considering the continuing evolution in information and entertainment technology we just have to follow the trend out with old, in with the new.

Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples Essay The Native Americans were slaves from the north to the South of the Americas and right across the North American continent. The percentage of Native American slaves was larger than black slaves and they were enslaved far longer than Black slaves. Native Americans were slaves for about 500 years, from the 1400s to the 1900s. Native Americans slaves were for 200 years before African Americans made it to the new world. The slaves of Native American were shipped to several areas around the world, the Caribbean, Europe and the Middle East. [1] Native Americans were slaves even after slavery was removed because they were not citizens and the laws did not apply to them, the first Native American group was under Columbus, about 200,000 natives were harshly enslaved by him. Only 500 survived by the year 1550 and the group were extinct before 1650. [2] When Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in the late 1400s, his goal was to take all it natural resources and take it to Spain, he named it the new resource for Spain. Columbus figured an opportunity to convert the natives to Christianity, to provide another trade point with his mother country, and to learn about a vast extent of the agriculture and animals, as well as interesting cultures that the Old World had ever seen. However, one of the strongest causes of this difference in objectives was Hernando Cortes. Hernando Cortes’s purpose for the occupation of present-day Mexico was the conquest of the native peoples. Through harsh force and dishonesty, he destroyed the native tribes, making the Aztec Empire his own empire. In Bartolome de Las Casas writing about the indigenous peoples, witnessed a massive murder of the original people of Cuba, and became an opponent to the violent conversion of the Native Americans. He is considered the Father of Liberation Theology, arguing with Juan Gines de Sepulveda. De las Casas argued that Native Americans should be treated as other Spanish subjects of the king. He suggested that instead of making the Native Americans slaves, the Spanish should ship Africans to the New World for use as slave labor. [3] Alonso Zuazo said in his writings about the native Americans that the. Indians would serve as slaves for the Europeans in the sugar cane plantation in the coasts of Northern Africa. The main thing he was focused on was when the enslaving of the natives was failing in the sixteenth century; they wanted to replace them with slaves from western Africa. He found out that Africans were better slaves than the Native Americans because they came from agricultural societies and they know about agriculture more than the Native Americans. [4] Native Americans interacted with enslaved Africans in every way possible. Native Americans were enslaved along with Africans, They worked together, lived together in the same houses, produced recipes for food, shared herbal remedies, myths and legends, and in the end they breed together. Because both races were non-Christian, Europeans considered them under the Europeans. They worked to make enemies of the two groups. In some areas, Native Americans began to slowly engage with white culture. Africans were not affected with the conditions and diseases. It was because the Africans were already in contact with the Europeans when they had started trading with one another. Europeans felt they could handle the climate because of their skin color. Many Native Americans started to die because of the diseases. A lot of the Native Americans also started to escape and fight back, and many of them died. They also felt that Africans were cheaper. The Native Americans were less resistant to the diseases that the Europeans brought with them. In North America, the conquerors at first werent thinking of taking take Native Americans as slaves because they lived a harsh life that needed to be at peace with the Natives to continue. There were more Africans available and the Europeans found it more meaningful to buy Africans from Africans than to attempt to capture Indians. [5] Bibliography: Ivison, Duncan, Paul Patton, and Will Sanders. Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 2nd ed. publication place: Cambridge University Press, publication year. http://books. google. com/books? hl=enlr=id=JkqahTHpUmUCoi=fndpg=PA36dq=exploitation+of+indigenous+peoplesots=DojNLSzhZdsig=oW_5zCg8jDjBuKeOQbRVDVO9x9Q#v=onepageq=exploitation%20of%20indigenous%20peoplesf=false (accessed November 23, 2012). Saco, J. A. â€Å"Alonso de Zuazo (1518). † http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu. http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/active_learning/explorations/spain/spain_zuazo. cfm (accessed November 23, 2012). TAINO-L. â€Å"Bartolome de Las Casas and His Defence of the Indians. † http://www. hartford-hwp. com. http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/40/186. html (accessed November 26, 2012). Columbus, Christopher. â€Å"Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, Describing the Results of the First Voyage. † www. xroads. virginia. edu. http://xroads.virginia. edu/ hyper/hns/garden/columbus. html (accessed November 26, 2012). [1] Duncan Ivison, Paul Patton, and Will Sanders, Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2nd ed. (publication place: Cambridge University Press, publication year), 36-39, http://books. google. com/books? hl=enlr=id=JkqahTHpUmUCoi=fndpg=PA36dq=exploitation+of+indigenous+peoplesots=DojNLSzhZdsig=oW_5zCg8jDjBuKeOQbRVDVO9x9Q#v=onepageq=exploitation%20of%20indigenous%20peoplesf=false (accessed November 23, 2012). [2] TAINO-L, â€Å"Bartolome de Las Casas and His Defence of the Indians,† http://www. hartford-hwp. com, http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/40/186. html (accessed November 26, 2012). [3] J. A. Saco, â€Å"Alonso de Zuazo (1518),† http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu, http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/active_learning/explorations/spain/spain_zuazo. cfm (accessed November 23, 2012). [4] Christopher Columbus, â€Å"Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, Describing the Results of the First Voyage,† www. xroads. virginia. edu.

The chemistry of drug metabolism

The chemistry of drug metabolism Introduction To describe and explain the chemistry of drug metabolism a basic foundation of knowledge is needed to understand the concepts. Metabolism is one of the methods for analysing the effect of drugs or xenobiotics on the body. It is basically a process of converting lipophilic drugs into more hydrophilic drugs to decrease pharmacological effect and increase subsequent hepatic or renal elimination. So it is essentially a process of inactivation and detoxification of a drug and subsequent elimination of the metabolite formed. The basic knowledge involves the all time classical reactions such as oxidation and reduction and those more advanced reactions including glucuronidation and sulfation. Despite energy being needed to drive such reactions to be in favour, metabolism cannot occur without the complex nature of enzymes catalysing the process. However, metabolism of drugs in human is not solely dependent on the enzymes alone it can be affected by natural micro flora in the small intestines. In an in vitro experiment conducted on ranitidine, it was found that N-oxide was cleaved and is therefore a source of drug metabolism. An alteration in the population of micro flora can affect the of drugs efficacy this is a source of interaction between antibiotics and Microgynon ®. Furthermore, some drugs are bioactivated by metabolism to form active metabolites with a desirable pharmacological function i.e. prodrugs. Unfortunately metabolism can transform an inactive drug or xenobiotic into a biologically active compound which can be carcinogenic to humans. Phenol is a readily formed metabolite of benzene metabolism before catechol and hydroquinone 3,6 which poses a major health concern for humans because it can cause acute myelogenous leukaemia 6 As the great founding father of medicine Paracelsus once said â€Å"all drugs are poison†. Therefore humans and animals have adapted many mechanisms for detoxifying xenobiotics, and these processes are divided into two phases phase I and phase II. It is important to bear in mind that some phase II reactions can occur without phase I metabolism, but phase I and phase II reactions are complimentary and not mutually exclusive. This report describes the chemical reactions of drug metabolism and explains how they occur in vivo. 3.0 Phase 1 Phase 1 metabolism involves the direct enzyme activity on drugs P450 isoform enzymes and esterases are responsible for reduction and hydrolysis of drugs respectively. Each P450 isoenzymes genetic expression varies and can either be inhibited or induced. Knowledge of these drivers of metabolism is essential not only to optimise the use of drugs, reduce harm, maximise benefits in poly pharmacy but also to serve as a template for novel drug development10. P450 and esterase enzymes are mainly found in the liver. Phase I metabolism consists of 3 main reactions: oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. 3.1 Oxidation 3.1.1 P450 mono oxygenase system 3.1.2 Other oxidation reactions 3.2 Reduction reactions Reduction reactions are mainly interconversion reactions that occur in azo, nitro and epoxide groups and conversion of carbonyl to its corresponding alcohol. Reduction reactions are carried out in the body by P450 isoenzymes, NADH/NADPH reduction systems, carbonyl reductase or aldo-ketone reductase. Azo compounds are generally used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Reduction of an azo group is a classical example of a reduction metabolic reaction. This reaction occurs in the presence of other enzymes and is inhibited in the presence of molecular oxygen. Mechanism of Azo reduction Azo reduction can also occur in the presence of NADH/NADPH system alone within the pH range 3.5-6.08. An azo group can either be reduced by 2 hydrogens to form hydrozo compounds or 4 hydrogens to form two aromatic amines which usually results in a colour loss10 Mechanism of Nitro reduction Nitro groups also undergo reduction reactions and these are catalysed by the same NADP systems. 6 e- are donated to the NO2 to form amine functional groups as in chloramphenicol. This then undergoes acetylation conjugation in phase II metabolism. Conversion of carbonyl to corresponding alcohols Many different enzymes have been identified that catalyse carbonyl reduction of xenobiotics, but most of them catalyse other endogenous substances including sugars and prostaglandins7 Oracin, an anticancer drug with a pro-chiral carbon is metabolised by 11 ÃŽ ²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in the microsomes. These metabolites are stereo specific to form DHO7 as shown below in figure 3.2.4. Much of what is known about Oracin metabolism is from phase II clinical trials as its not licensed for use in chemotherapy yet. Mechanism of epoxide reduction This reaction is catalysed by microsomal epoxide hydrolase, a catalytic triad that consists of His 431, Asp226 and Glu 404. Their activity is limited because of a narrow hydrophobic tunnel in the active site and water. A water molecule ionises to form a OH and H+ OH attacks the oxirane ring and thus opens it resulting in formation of vicinal dihydrodiol. This reaction is slow in vitro without acid but in this case epoxide hydrolase catalyses the reaction. Vicinal diols formed are more water soluble thereby terminating genotoxic potential. Hydrolysis Most hydrolysis reactions occur at the ester and amide functional groups, with ester more prone to hydrolysis than amide. Amides are more stable than esters because nitrogen is similar to carbon in size, but less electronegative than oxygen so electrons are pulled into the carbonyl Ï€ electron systems which stabilise its structure. The ease of hydrolysis of esters is used in the development of prodrugs to avoid first pass metabolism, a major problem in orally administered drugs. In vivo hydrolytic metabolism of drugs occurs in the presence of enzymes present in various parts of the body. Hydrolysis of drugs and xenobiotics is generally carried out by esterases mainly in the plasma and intestine and not by P450 systems. The blood, GI tract and liver have the highest hydrolysing capacity. The most significant hydrolysing enzymes are carboxylesterases, cholinesterases, arylesterases and serine endopeptidases. Carboxylesterase is one of the major esterases involved in drug metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation of drugs with esters, amide and thioester functional groups. In figure 3.0 hydrolysis of ester bond results in benzoylecgonine, a carboxylic acid metabolite. But this is not the only ester group present in the structure. The group present next to the benzene can also undergo metabolism to form benzoic acid. Cocaine in the presence of heroine can generate the toxic metabolite cocaethylene in the presence of alcohol, from concomitant cocaine abuse. Carboxylesterase exists in two different forms hCE1 and hCE2. hCE1 is a more effective metabolic enzyme which transports protein to the endoplasmic reticulum and processes fatty acids and cholesterol in the liver alongside other cholesterol enzymes. The general mechanism of drug hydrolysis in esters and amides is by nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions as shown in figure 3.2.6. Minor structural differences exist between heroine and its metabolites, but their activity differs. Heroin (diamorphine) is converted by hydrolysis to 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. hCE1 mainly cleaves the 3-acetyl linkage to form 6-acetylmorphine. The 6-acetyl linkage is cleaved which later forms morphine with a phenolic -OH and secondary allylic -OH. Diloxanide furorate is a drug of choice and an antiparasitic agent for treating asymptomatic patients with E. histolytica cysts in the faeces and cryptosporidiosis, an acute intestinal amoebiaosis in HIV patients. The drug is orally administered and extensively metabolised by gastro intestinal esterase to form diloxanide and furoic acid, thereby diminishing its effectiveness. This problem is modified by using cyclodextrin that prevents excessive hydrolysis of the drug. Carboxylesterases ability to form a stable complex enhances its presence in the blood and makes it ideal for treating cocaine overdose. It is also considered that as an active site for drugs, this would make it ideal for drug discovery e.g. sarin and VX gas. 4. Phase II Conjugation pathway The phase II conjugation pathway is often a detoxification mechanism. It terminates drug pharmacological activity by changing or masking functional groups in the parent drug or phase I metabolite into a more ionic polar product which aids excretion. The processes that commonly occur in phase II metabolism can be fundamentally divided into 3 groups which are glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation. The nature and functional group of a drug molecule will determine which one of these processes be in favour e.g. acetaminophen undergoes both glucuronidation and sulfation, however at high doses glucuronidation predominates and at low doses sulfation predominate (Airpine Choonara, 2009). 4.1. Conjugation with sugars Conjugation with various sugars is possible in nature, and novel pathways for xenobiotic metabolism are discovered frequently (Ikenakaa, Ishizakab, Miyabaraa, 2007). However the most important reaction in humans is glucuronidation. 4.1.1 Glucuronidation Glucuronidation is essentially conjugation of a substrate with ÃŽ ±-D-glucuronic acid, shown in figure 4.1.1.1. As the name suggests, glucuronic acid is a derivative of glucose with the 6th carbon being oxidised to a carboxylic acid group. This in combination with the many hydroxyl groups gives glucuronic acid a solubility of 1g/10mL in cold water, which the British Pharmacopeia would class as â€Å"freely soluble† (British Pharmacopeia Commission, 2009) Glucuronic acid is present in vivo as the co-factor uridine 5-diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid). The reaction of UDP-glucuronic acid with a xenobiotic substrate is catalysed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) (Kaeferstein, 2009), and an example of a glucuronidation reaction is shown in figure 4.1.1.2 Figure 4.1.1.2 demonstrates how glucuronidation can occur with a xenobiotic containing an acceptor nucleophilic group (for example COOH, SH or NH2, but in this case OH) (Kaeferstein, 2009) (Sakaguchi, Green, Stock, Reger, King, 2004). The lone pair of electrons on the hydroxyl group attacks at the 1st carbon of the pyranose ring, which is activated because of the adjacent electron-withdrawing oxygens, in an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. The UDP glycosidic bond is cleaved off owing to the good leaving group properties of the phosphate group, and the xenobiotic has reacted with the glucuronic acid to form a ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid conjugate. Note that the reaction is known to be SN2 because the formation of an intermediate leads to an inversion of stereochemistry at the anomeric carbon. The resulting glucuronide conjugate has improved solubility due to the hydroxyl and carboxylate groups, and is usually excreted in the urine, although there is evidence to suggest that conjugates with a high molecular weight are eliminated in the bile. However the glucuronides undergo some important reactions within the body which affects their metabolism. A spontaneous intramolecular reaction can lead to esterification of the glucuronide, as shown in figure 4.1.1.4. The newly formed ester carbonyl is capable of reacting with the N-terminal of a protein residue to form a stable imine, i.e. this can lead to irreversible protein binding. Alternatively, depending on which species the glucuronic acid is bound to, nucleophilic substitution can again occur and the xenobiotic will react with the N-terminal of the protein and regenerate free glucuronic acid (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Pharmaceutical companies may therefore try to avoid designing drugs which are predicted to be metabolised by the glucuronidation pathway, not just to increase the half-life of the drug by avoiding conjugation and excretion but also to avoid the potential side-effects that can occur as a result of protein binding, such as cirrhosis of the liver. Interestingly, glucuronidation can also lead not just to metabolites that lose their therapeutic use and are toxic, but some glucuronides can continue to be pharmacologically active and may even be more potent than their parent drug. Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is one such example. M6G and morphine are both potent analgesics M6G, despite having been conjugated with a large polar molecule, still binds strongly to ÃŽ ¼ opioid receptors to provide pain relief to the same extent as morphine. Morphine-3-glucuronide, another metabolite, binds preferentially to NMDA receptors instead, and causes allodynia, myoclonus and seizures (the side-effects associated with opiate usage). Morphine and codeine are so far the only known examples of glucuronides with high activity (Kaeferstein, 2009). 4.2. Glutathione conjugation Glutathione serves as a substrate for electrophilic drugs because of the nucleophilic thiol moiety on the cysteine residue (thus glutathione can be referred to in reaction pathways as simply GSH). GSH conjugation therefore involves a nucleophilic attack of the sulphur atom onto drugs with electrophilic carbon atoms, i.e. those bound to good leaving groups such as halogens, sulphate and nitro, as well as activated carbon atoms in ring strained systems such as epoxides and ß-lactones (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Conjugation leads to a thioether bond being formed between GSH and the drug molecule. Following this reaction, conjugates are typically metabolised further to yield more polar molecules which are better excreted in the urine and bile (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Figure 4.2.4 shows the possible biotransformation reactions of a glutathione conjugate. Transpeptidase and peptidase convert glutamate to NH2 and remove glycine, respectively. NH2 is then a target for N-acetylation (mentioned in section 4.4). Alternatively, two molecules of glutathione can react together to form a disulfide bridge, in the process donating hydrogen atoms to reduce another molecule. This is usually utilised in vivo when glutathione acts as an antioxidant (Forman, Zhang, Rinna, 2009), but also plays a part in drug metabolism as seen in the denitrification of the antianginal drug, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in figure 4.2.5 (Ji, Anderson, Bennett, 2009). To reiterate, GSH reacts with highly electrophilic species in the body. This prevents drugs with electrophilic groups from attacking important nucleophilic centres in biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, which could lead to toxicity. This is explored further in section 5 where the consequences of insufficient glutathione conjugation of paracetamol metabolites are looked at. 4.3. Sulfation Sulfation is one of the classical processes of phase II metabolism. It allows the biotransformation of numerous xenobiotics and metabolites from phase 1 (shown in figure 4.3.1) to be sulphate conjugates. This gives protection against toxicity or the potential toxic effects from the numerous xenobiotics and metabolites not being conjugated. It also produces more polar, more water soluble metabolites, which means they are more easily and readily excreted in urine or bile. The sulphate conjugate possesses such advantageous properties by having a low pKa, allowing an increased aqueous solubility and excretion. It is an important reaction for drugs and hormones that contain the phenolic functional group to be metabolised by conjugation to a sulphate group examples include steroid hormones, catecholamines, neurotransmitters, thyroxine, bile acids and phenolic drugs. Examples of drugs and xenobiotics with a phenolic group attached: The chemistry behind the sulfation conjugation reaction emphasizes the important key features of the system. This includes the two enzymes sulfatase and sulfotransferase, alongside the co factor 3†²-phosphoadenosine 5†²-phosphosulfate (3†²-phosphoadenylylsulfate, PAPS) which plays an important role in sulfation conjugation. The availability of PAPS and its precursor inorganic sulphate determines the reaction rate as the total amount of sulphate is limited and can be readily used up. PAPS is formed enzymatically by ATP and inorganic sulphate. The enzyme sulfotransferase transfers the active sulphate from PAPS to the xenobiotic or a phase 1 metabolite forming the sulphate conjugate (VL Verdugo D, 2004). Sulphate conjugation is a reaction principally of phenols and to a lesser extent alcohols to form highly ionic polar sulphates. Sulphate conjugation is also important for steroids because steroid sulphates are not capable of binding to their receptor and so this reduces its biological activity. Sulfation of alcohol generates a good leaving group and can be an activation process for alcohols to produce a reactive electrophilic species. Mechanism of sulfation conjugation an electrophilic substitution reaction: The oxygen of the OH has a negative inductive effect on the benzene ring so it withdraws electrons towards it making it a more reactive nucleophile It attacks the electrophilic sulphur of the sulphate group of PAPS The hydrogen of the OH bond leaves in exchange for the sulphate group and UDP acts as a good leaving group This forms the sulphate conjugate which is soluble and readily excreted via the kidneys 4.4. Acetylation Conjugation Acetylation is also an important reaction in phase II metabolism as the majority of drugs contain a primary amine functional group. It is a major route for the biotransformation of hydrazine and aromatic amines. This means that acetylation of the arylamine or phase 1 metabolites can occur more easily to reduce their biological activity (Garcia-Galan Diaz-Cruz, 2008). The limitation of acetylation is that it produces conjugates that are less water soluble (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006) as well as it does not work for drugs containing secondary amine groups. The aim of acetylation is to convert the primary amine moiety into an amide because amides are more stable as peptide bonds are more resistant to hydrolysis. Like glucuronidation and sulfation this reaction is highly specific because of the nature of the enzyme involved. The main players of acetylation conjugation are N-acetyltransferase and the co factor acetyl Coenzyme which is a thioester . The reactio n undergoes electrophilic substitution similar to Friedal-Craft acylation. The NH2 attached to the aromatic ring makes it much more reactive and electron donating. NAT helps to transfer the acetyl group (CH3CO) obtained from Co enzyme A (CH3COSCoA) to conjugate with the drug at the amine site forming the amide bond. H-SCo-enzyme acts as a good leaving group. Mechanism of acetylation conjugation: The lone pairs of the nitrogen of the primary amine of sulphonamide attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl group of the acetyl coenzyme A. In this reaction nitrogen acts as a nucleophile, donating the pair of electrons to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl carbon (ÃŽ ´+) is activated by the electron withdrawing oxygen (ÃŽ ´-) making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This forms a temporary tetrahedral intermediate, which falls back to form an amide bond and SH-CoA acts as a leaving group. As a result the acetyl conjugation of sulphonamide is formed, and this is readily excreted via the kidneys. 4.5 Stereo selectivity Stereo selectivity is classed as a fundamental aspect of drug metabolism ever since the tragic case of the drug thalidomide. This has provided a broader knowledge on the understanding of drugs and xenobiotics and also the importance of their stereochemistry properties. As mentioned in section 4.1.1 (glucuronidation), drug metabolism may lead to stereochemistry inversion of substrates during the various reactions that occur. An example of how the understanding of stereochemistry in xenobiotic metabolism has practical applications can be seen with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. It has been found that in vitro, only the S-isomer is pharmacologically active in inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. However in vivo the metabolism of ibuprofen is complex, involving glucuronidation at the acyl group and hydroxylation at the 2 and 3 positions, but most importantly the metabolism of the 2 enantiomers differs because there is a unidirectional enzymatic conversion of the R-isomer to the active S-isomer. (Chang, et al., 2008). The metabolism of ibuprofen is summarised in figure 4.5.2. For this reason drug manufacturers typically produce a racemic mixture of ibuprofen for administration to patients, since the R-isomer will be converted within the body, and producing an enantiomerically pure sample would be needlessly expensive. 5. Micellaneous Amino acid conjugation is important for metabolising, solubilising and eliminating carboxylic acids through the urine because it produces very soluble conjugates. Amino acid conjugation mechanism e.g. benzoic acid (Xu, et al., 2007): The carboxylic group of the benzoic acid is first activated by ATP to the AMP ester This is then converted to the corresponding coenzyme A thioester with CoASH. These first two steps are catalysed by acyl Coenzyme A synthase enzyme The appropriate amino acid N-acyltransferase then catalyses the condensation of amino acid and Coenzyme A thioester to form the amino acid conjugate. Methylation conjugation: Even though it is not a common reaction for most drugs and xenobiotics, it is worth mentioning methylation because it is the most common biochemical reaction for endogenous compounds such as catecholamines (Strous, et al., 2009). Methylation plays a key role in the inactivation of amines such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and histamine, and is also involved in the biosynthesis of epinephrine and melatonin. A source of methyl comes from the high energy nucleotide S- adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is transported by cathecol-O- methyltransferase. However, it has been reported that methylated conjugates do not have improved water solubility (a similar disadvantage to acetylation). Methylation mechanism the nucleophilic substitution of norepinephrine: The lone pair on the electronegative oxygen of norepinephrine (R-OH) attacks the CH3 of SAM The bond between the sulphur and carbon breaks (S-C) Drug Toxicity The toxicity associated with acute paracetamol overdose is due to its metabolism processes. In the human body, paracetamol is mostly metabolised 30% by the sulfation pathway, 60% via glucuronidation and the remaining 10% being either excreted unchanged in the urine or undergoing CYP450-dependent oxidation as shown in figure 5.3 to form N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) (Airpine Choonara, 2009). NAPQI contains an electronically activated ring system, capable of attacking nucleophilic molecules such as N atoms in cellular macromolecules and causing cell damage. However NAPQI will preferably attack the more nucleophilic sulphur atom of glutathione and therefore will also undergo phase II metabolism to form inactive conjugates a schematic summary of the metabolism of paracetamo In overdose situations, the glutathione supply is used up as it is conjugated with the excessive NAPQI in the system. This leaves the rest of the NAPQI free to bind irreversibly to proteins in hepatic liver cells (since P450 metabolism occurs predominantly in the liver) and this cause liver necrosis. Without the detoxification capacity of the liver, the human body will typically die within 2 weeks (Airpine Choonara, 2009). With the chemistry of paracetamol metabolism in mind, it is easier to understand why some patients are classed as â€Å"high-risk† and thus more susceptible to paracetamol overdose: Recent alcohol (ethanol) consumption causes induction of the P450 enzyme involved in the formation of the NAPQI molecule; this leads to an increased quantity of NAPQI being produced and therefore the bodys supply of glutathione for conjugation is more rapidly used up leading to toxicity. Other drugs which induce the same P450 enzymes will have the same effect. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa lead to a poor diet and therefore decreased synthesis of glutathione in vivo, so NAPQI detoxification conjugation can be overwhelmed at lower concentrations of paracetamol consumption.

Aaron Feuerstein Essay -- Essays Papers

Aaron Feuerstein In this paper I will discuss Aaron Feuerstein, the third-generation president and CEO of Malden Mills Industries, Inc., who leads the Lawrence, Massachusetts business with his father’s and grandfather’s values: kindness, justice and charity. He does this through his charismatic leadership and vision, which binds his employees together into realizing and achieving the same goal. I will show exactly what makes him a leader in the modern business setting and explain why a leader’s vision is important in defining a true innovator, effective manager and charismatic leader. Feuerstein and Malden Mills had a history of taking care of its employees. Workers’ salaries average $12.50 an hour compared with the textile industry’s average of $9.50. And in the 1950s, when other New England textile manufacturers fled to the South for cheaper labor, Malden Mills stayed. Although Feuerstein’s hands-on management style has always been admired by his employees, what set him apart as a true leader was a near disaster in the winter of 1996. While celebrating his 70th birthday, Feuerstein received word that his 130 year old family owned textile company in Lawrence, Massachusetts was burning to the ground. Three of its manufacturing factories that produce the popular high-end outdoor apparel knits, Polartec ® and Polarfleece ®, were reduced to charred metal and brick. While watching the fire, Feuerstein decided that he must come up with a plan to not only save his company from financial ruin, but decide the fate of over 3,100 employees th at would soon be without a job. He chose to rebuild the plant in Lawrence. He also decided that if he was to continue providing a quality product to consumers, he would have to take care of the skilled laborers who made the product. Feuerstein kept more than 1,000 jobless employees at full pay and medical benefits for three months until the factories were up and running again. What kept Feuerstein’s company at the top was his strong managing skills. A top management position requires motivation to achieve, but this motivation may be directed to achieving personal, rather than organization goals. Feuerstein believed the role to top management should be to â€Å"manage† and the most important resource they must manage is the people that work at all levels of an organization. Their role should not be "to rule", but "... .... Reduced to its essence, that means superior technology and superior employees. Reduced still further, as Aaron Feuerstein can tell you, it means superior employees. Feuerstein has laid off people for the reasons stated above, but all of these employees have been given generous severance packages that included three months of paid medical benefits as well as job training Feuerstein admits that, as owner, he has a great advantage over leaders of public firms because he answers only to himself. "But I would like to think," he says, "that the average CEO - even though they're reporting to the public and the so-called shareholder -also feels that there's a moral imperative that they must answer to as well." Bibliography: The Christian Science Monitor, ‘Corporate Decency’ Prevails at Malden Mills, Shelly Donald Coolidge, March 28, 1996 Parade, by Michael Ryan, September 6, 1996, p.4-5 Life Magazine, Josh Simon, May 5, 1997 L. Larwood, C. M. Falke, M.P. Kriger, and P. Miesing. Structure and meaning of organizational vision. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1995, pp.740-769 Fortune, Not a Fool, Not a Saint, Thomas Teal, November 11, 1996, p.201

Herbal Weight Loss Products Essay -- Diet Health Nutrition Papers

Herbal Weight Loss Products An analysis of two particularly controversial products Herbal remedies, along with vitamins and various other types of dietary supplements, have long been popular with the customers of health food stores. But now they are part of a boom in alternative remedies and are widely available in supermarkets and pharmacies. In recent months, there has been an incredible surge in the sheer volume of scientific studies that have discussed the effectiveness of such herbal products. Medical scientists consider such findings promising but preliminary; additional research must definitely be explored. However, herbal supplement manufacturers are using such studies to boost the credibility of traditional herbal remedies. There are currently no government regulations to specify the purity, dosage or effectiveness of these products. Many consumers are opting to try them, assuming that the "natural" products with a long history of use will undoubtedly be safe. As herbal remedies continue to gain in popularity, reports by consumers of serious complications are also increasing. In one statistical report it was stated that 500 incidents were reported to the Food and Drug Administration last year alone. Leading the list of dangerous and ineffective ingredients are ephedra (or Ma Huang) and Chromium. Ephedra alone has accounted for more than half of the complaints in the past three years and has been associated with more than three dozen deaths. Thus the validity and the efficacy of these claims will need to be addressed. What are the claims of "Natural" Healing? It is obvious that our bodies are remarkable machines. However, the claim is that natural remedies aid the body's immune system toward tot... ...ances M. "Chromium Picolinate--Still Hot on the Market". Healthy Weight Journal. Jul;8(4), 1994. Dolby, Victoria. "Tip the Scales in Your Favor with Metabolic Weight Loss Nutrients". Better Nutrition. Oct; 58(10), 1996, Okie, Susan. "Looking for Mr. GoodPill; Americans Have Fallen in Love With Herbal Supplements--But Do They Work? Are They Safe?" The Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1997. Reading, S.A. "Chromium Picolinate". Journal of Florida Medical Association. Jan;83(1): 29-31, 1996. Stearns, D.M. "A prediction of chromium (III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements". FASEB. Dec;9(15):1650-7, 1995 Trent, L.K. "Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition". Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Dec;35(4):273-80. Walsh, Julie. "The great chromium debate". Bicycling. Oct/Nov; 37(10), 1996.

Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) Essay

According to the documentation in Misunderstoodmind, â€Å"Math disabilities can arise at nearly any stage of a child’s scholastic development. While very little is known about the neurobiological or environmental causes of these problems, many experts attribute them to deficits in one or more of five different skill types†. These deficits can exist independently of one another or can occur in combination. All can impact a child’s ability to progress in mathematics. Many students, despite a good understanding of mathematical concepts are inconsistent at computing. They make errors because they misread signs or carry numbers incorrectly, or may not write numerals clearly enough or in the correct column. These students often struggle, especially in primary school, where basic computation and â€Å"right answers† are stressed. Often they end up in remedial classes, even though they might have a high level of potential for higher-level mathematical thinking. Electronic Learning (E-Learning) includes all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching, which are procedural in character and aim to effect of knowledge with reference to individual experience, practice, and knowledge of the learner. E-Learning is essentially the computer and network enable transfer of skills and knowledge. E-Learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer based learning, virtual education and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) refers to instruction or remediation presented on a computer. Many educational computer programs are available online and from computer stores and textbook companies. They enhance teacher instruction in several ways. Computer programs are interactive and can illustrate a concept through attractive animation, sound, and demonstration. They allow students to progress at their own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Computers provide immediate feedback, letting students know whether their answer is correct. If the answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the question. Presented with this development, the proponents intend to propose to develop an Electronic Learning (E-Learning) in mathematics to the interest of the students of STI College Sta. Maria and helping them to make preschool mathematics more enjoyable and interesting. 1.2 Problem Statement 1.2.1 General Problem How will the proponents develop an Electronic Learning (E-Learning) in Mathematics subject for Pre-school of Parada Elementary School that will help the Pre-school students to learn in a fun way. 1.2.2 Specific Problem * How will the proponents create a system that can provide an effective lesson by integrating graphics, animation and sounds. The use of traditional teaching method to present the Mathematics subject causes boredom for the students on learning Mathematics. Students find it hard to learn and cope up with the traditional method of teaching. * How will the proponents incorporate subject outline based on the topics in Mathematics. Contradiction of lesson may occur if the system is not based on the school curriculum for mathematics. Without incorporating curriculum based Mathematics topics, certain school violations will be encountered by the proponents such as straying from the Mathematics curriculum of the school. * How will the proponents create a webpage wherein the student will be able to cope up with the lesson even if he/she fails to attend the class. There are students who sometimes fail to attend their classes in school. However, repeating the entire lesson discussed the other day is a problem. Those students who failed to attend are having hard time how they would cope of to the lesson and lectures. There are also circumstances wherein the teacher itself fails to attend the class. * How will the proponents create a security for the back-end of system that can prevent unauthorized access to the system. A security for the back-end is needed to prevent unauthorized person from accessing the system. Unauthorized person can modify the data of the system that can cause a system breakdown. 1.2 Proposed Research Project 1.2.1 General Objectives To develop an E-Learning in Mathematics for Pre-school of Parada Elementary School that will help the Pre-school students to learn in a fun way. 1.2.2 Specific Objectives * To create module that can provide an effective lesson by integrating graphics. With the use of different software’s and applications in developing system such as Dreamweaver, Adobe Photoshop for designing, Adobe FlashCS4 for animation, Audio editing software for the sounds and effects. * To be able to incorporate subject outline based on the topics in Mathematics. With the use of lesson plan and book that serves as a reference and guidelines for the proposed system it will avoid the contradiction between subject outline to the computerized tutorial system. * To create a website wherein the student will be able to cope up with the lesson even if he/she fails to attend the class. The proponents will create a lesson page that will include the lectures and discussion. This gives the student the privilege to cope up with the lesson. This also enables them to study in advance for a specific lesson in order for them to participate in the class. * To be able to create a security for the back-end of system that can prevent unauthorized access to the system. To prevent unauthorized person from accessing the system, the proponents will create a user level that can give access to authorized person only. In this way we will prevent unauthorized person in accessing information in the system. 1.2.3 Scope and Limitation The proposed system will focus on the subject Mathematics. This system will serve as a learning tool for the preschool that will help to increase the interest of the students in learning Mathematics. The whole scope of the system focuses on the outline based of the lesson. It is important that the system will not go far from the subject because the student will be confused in studying the lesson. The system is useful for instruction or remediation because it presents the problems that the student answers. The question can be in a form of multiple choices. If the answer is correct; the student is usually rewarded with a â€Å"Great Job!† or an animated response on the computer screen. If the answer is not correct, the computer will demonstrates the correct answer on the given problem in the exercises. The system is not intended to be a subject but intended for motivating the students in increasing their interest in this subject. The proposed system will not compute the grade of the student based on their score on the exercises. The system is especially made and best suited to the methods of teaching in Mathematics for Pre-school in Parada Elementary School and there will be no other incorporated subject. Main Page This is the first page of the system when the user opens the webpage. It is also called sometimes the ‘start page’. Open Button In order to enter to the next page of the system the user must click the open button. Back Button This button will take the user back to the previous page if he/she wants. Lesson Button This brings the user to the next page where has a chapter list. And this chapter list page link to the Lesson Page. Tutorial Button This button helps the user to view the tutorial videos. Exercises Button This is a button link to the exercises page. 1.3.4 Methodology The proponents will use the Fourth Generation Technique (4GT) in developing the system. The Fourth Generation Technique is based on NPL that is the Non- Procedural Language techniques. Based upon in the specifications made, the 4GT approaches uses various tools for the automatic generation of source codes. It is the vital tool which uses the NPL for Report generation, Database query, Manipulation of data, Interaction of screen, Definition, Generation of code, Spread Sheet capabilities, High level graphical capacity etc. The Fourth Generation Techniques Requirement Gathering Phase It is gathering information by interviewing the beneficiary and research through internet or recent thesis as reference. This is the first phase where used to gather information to complete the Electronic Learning for Parada Elementary School. This requires complete information to know ahead the purpose of making CAI and to know the entire possible problem that the proponents may face. In gathering data, the proponents went to Parada Elementary School to give the letter of recommendation straight to their principal and after the letter was given, the proponents explained the benefits that they can get from the proposed system to their school, to the student and teachers who are teaching mathematics in preschool. The proponents also made an interview with Mr. Narciso L. Dià ±o the School principal and Ms. Edlyn Gumafelix. The school gave information regarding the history of their school, total number of students and the proponents also asked for references that may help to build the system. Research was also done at the library of STI College Sta. Maria regarding the use of E-Learning for mathematics. Design / Strategy Phase Compiled information gathered from the interview and references. In this phase were able to plan, analyze and create a design for the proposed system. Through this by the use of the data gathered to plan and create a system. This is where the proponents create and explores to meet the requirements of the proposed system. The developers used PHP as the programming language, Adobe Photoshop for the design, images and environment of the system and Adobe Flash for the animation. Implementation using 4GL Start encoding of gathered data for the lessons tutorials and other content all gathered data to the system for the system to function and make sure that the specific objectives are met before testing phase begins. Implementation of all gathered information is needed to develop the proposed system. The proponents used the Dreamweaver/PHP to create a code and module for the system. Testing Once the software is implemented in machine executable form it will be tested to know some error or defects in function. In this phase, the proponents test the system if all the specified objectives are met. After the implementation the proponents test every function of the system to find out the flaws and problems in the system, also looked for things that could improve the system until not all the objectives are met and system problems are not resolve the proponents continue the testing and improvement of the proposed system. 3.0 Data Gathering Procedures and Output Data gathering is one of the most critical stages that must be performed. This is because the analysis of the current system will be based on the kind of the information gathered. In order to gather all the data necessary in the study, the proponents used several ways on collecting data. This helps the proponents to gather all the information needed in developing the system. Library research The proponents conducted group study to learn more about the proposed system. They found materials in the library that may help them. They used thesis documentation of the previews student for data comparison. Using the information they have gathered the proponents will increase their knowledge to build the proposed system. As a result, the proponents will now generate some ideas on how their own the system will be developed. Also they will use this information to create their own documentation. Internet research The proponents also conducted research in the World Wide Web. They used internet to do this kind of research that may help them in terms, methods and new technologies to build the proposed system. Also they research some tutorials that may improve their skills that will help them to finish the system. As a result the proponents use some information that is reliable and useful. They now have some tutorials to study from the web to create on animation for the proposed system. Interview The proponents also conducted interview to particular person of the school that helped them gain some information to finish the proposed system. As a result, the proponents now know what will be the flow of the system. Through this knowledge the proponents started developing the system. System development The proponents use the gathered information to create the proposed system. Although the development stage starts the proponents will continue gathering information that may contribute to the development of the system. The output of this development will satisfy the needs of the beneficiary. The proponents will create and effective system. 4.0 Documentation of the Current System Formal education started in 1902 with the Kartilya and the chapel as classroom. With a pioneer teacher were average pupils who had to be fetched into their homes. As time go by the people realized the need and importance of education. New ideas then generated and substantiated and the dream of a one room school house. Later on they took over greater strides in its march to progress and the one teacher barrio school became a complete primary school. The achievement motivated barrio folks through the dim days of war crisis marched into full development of its home industries. Poultry and garment factories cropped up and the increasingly marked progress gave way to the completion of an elementary school. That was 1947, when the rehabilitation, reconstruction and development were under done through the combined cooperative efforts of the barrio people and with the leadership of Head Teacher. It was at this period when intermediate building and additional rooms for primary classes were constructed. Parada Elementary School headed by Mr. Narciso L. Diňo. They are using the traditional approach of teaching using books, visual aids and interactive discussion of lessons inside the classroom. The teachers make use of the traditional method of teaching such as board, chalk, cartolina, chart, manila paper and cardboard as visual aids that takes a lot of time and effort that’s why the students were getting bored. There are 70 students in preschool and it is divided by two sections; the morning section and the afternoon section. The students meet five times a week and everyday they have a flag ceremony and exercise before they go to their designated room. Every student must go their designated room with the guidance of their respected adviser. When they arrive, the teacher checks the attendance. The teacher will finish the lesson according to the scope of the lesson plan. The teachers also conduct lectures, exercises and exam to further improve the knowledge of the students. There are five subjects for Preschool in Parada Elementary School these are Filipino, Exploring Math, Writing, Getting Smart to Language and Worksheets on Readiness Skills. They do not have a grading system. Instead of cards, they used a checklist for the attendance of the students. The student must know how to write their names and know how to count from one to ten before entering Pre-school. Online E-Learning in Mathematics for Pre-school is designed mainly to demonstrate concepts, instruct, and remediate student errors and misunderstandings in preschool. Some programs are useful for teaching basic skills in Math. Many entertaining computer mathematics games encourage students to learn while enjoying the experience. Other programs are useful for instruction or remediation because they present problems that the student answers. The online system will be beneficial for students in reviewing their lessons at home and it is also be beneficial in monitoring the status level of the students who understand the lesson.

School Daze

School Daze is a film that was directed, produced, written, and starred in by the legendary filmmaker Spike Lee. Spike Lee was once again trying to make America conscience and aware of racial issues, but this time it was focused on internalized racism at historical black colleges and universities (HBCU). Lee explored an issue that is still prominent in today's society, light-skinned versus dark-skinned African Americans, good hair versus bad hair, and the Greeks versus the Afro-centric students.School Daze is a very enlightening film, but it took a lot of different elements to complete a film of this magnitude to make others aware of this racial issue. School Daze is a film about internalized racism amongst the African American community at a fictitious historical black college called Mission College. The student body has divided itself into groups that are the epidemy of groupthink.In a newspaper called the Journal-Gazette by author Greg Braxton mentioned the battle between good hai r versus bad hair among African American women, by mentioning the 1988 film School Daze were Spike Lee staged a musical production number in a beauty salon, and two warring female college cliques battled over this topic (2009).In a newspaper called the Journal-Gazette author Greg Braxton mentioned the battle between good hair versus bad hair among African American women, by mentioning the 1988 film School Daze were Spike Lee staged a musical production number in a beauty salon, and two warring female college cliques battled over this topic (2009).

Living Abroad

Living and working abroad Today several numbers of people desires working and living outside their home countries. The reason behind this is that many believe that better jobs and living are found in foreign countries than their own. The advantages of working and living abroad consist of various factors. First, many developed countries have much diverse people and cultures. Learning and experiencing this diversity can be fascinating and delightful.In addition, owing to the mixed in population, people working or living overseas are able to learn new languages, styles of dressing as well as cultural activities. This in turn makes living problem-free and pleasurable. Therefore, allowing people to forget about difficulties and hardships faced before migrating abroad. Moreover, gaining excellent knowledge and experience in jobs can be very beneficial, particularly back in their home countries.Overseas works are exceptional, mostly in developing existing skills and acquiring new ones, maki ng one more equipped and attractive to employers. Despite the above advantages of working and living abroad, there are also disadvantages associated with working and living abroad. Language barrier is one of the major problem facing new foreigners in many of the developed countries. This difficulty to understand the language hinders their progress and adaptation to the new life style and environment. As a result, finding and obtaining a good living may be tough and for some impossible.As well, in some countries, there is discrimination at workplace, making it difficult for foreign migrants to settle peacefully and also blend in with the citizens. This discrimination is not only in colour but also in religious beliefs and sexes. For that reason, life in some abroad countries is very stressful and upsetting. So, knowing the country one wishes to live in is essential, in particular if one chooses to migrate to an English speaking country, one must be able to communicate fluently in spo ken as well as written English as this is the only business language.

Results And Discussion Respondents Profile Health And Social Care Essay

This subdivision reviews the personal and professional backgrounds of the respondents. Apart from their designated places, an LNC ‘s disposition towards certain nutrition and nutrition-related plans is partially established by their age ( the period from which their perceptual experience is based on ) , gender and length of service ( old ages of experience in the execution of plans ) in the authorities.Distribution of RespondentsThere were 31 respondents in entire ; 22.6 per centum came from barangay 1 and each 19.4 per centum represented the provincial, metropolis, municipality and barangay 2 degrees ( Table 1 ) . The expected respondents of the study were caputs of LNC ; nevertheless, few delegated their coordinators to finish the study. In some cases, the coordinators shared the same cognition and patterns as their caputs and sing how LGUs map, coordinators were important places.Table 1. Distribution of RespondentsDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial6 19.4City6 19.4Municipality6 19.4Barangay 1 ( City )7 22.6Barangay 2 ( Municipality )6 19.4AgeThe age of LNC ranges from 25 to 65 old ages old. Almost 39 per centum belong to age bracket of 46 to 55 ; about 10 per centum belong to the lowest age bracket of 25 to 35 ; and about 26 per centum came from both 36 to 45 and 56 to 65 age brackets. The youngest respondents were officers from the Department of Interior and Local Government and Department of Education ( 29 old ages old ) and the oldest was a Barangay Nutrition Scholar ( 64 old ages old ) .GenderOf the entire respondents, 87.1 per centum were female while 12.9 per centum were male.Educational AttainmentOut of 31 respondents, more than half ( 51.6 % ) were college alumnuss, around 23 per centum were post-graduates, about 13 per centum were vocational, about 7 per centum were high school alumnuss and 3 per centum were both high school and college undergraduates.Current Position/OfficeAt the provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees, respondents from the Nutrition, Health, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Developm ent, and Planning and Development bureaus comprised about 50 per centum of the population while the staying per centum came from the offices of Interior and Local Government ( 3.2 % ) and Education ( 6.5 % ) . The barangay degree was composed of Barangay Nutrition Scholars ( 6.5 % ) , Rural Health Midwife ( 3.2 % ) , Barangay Health Workers ( 5.0 % ) , Municipal Health Nurse ( 3.2 % ) , Day Care Center Worker ( 3.2 % ) , Kagawad on Health ( 6.5 % ) , and Kagawad on Agriculture ( 3.2 % ) .Length of TenureIn footings of old ages in service, a one-fourth ( 25.8 % ) of the entire respondents has been in office for less than five old ages and a 3rd ( 32.3 % ) have been in office for 10 old ages or less. Majority of the respondents ( 42 % ) have been in office for at least 11 old ages. The longest functioning officer interviewed was a Department of Education Nutrition Head who has been in the office for about 40 old ages.Table 2. Respondents ProfileFeatureFrequencyPercentageAge ( old ages )25 to 35 3 9.7 36 t0 45 8 25.8 46 to 55 12 38.7 56 to 65 8 25.8GenderMale 4 12.9 Female 27 87.1Educational AttainmentHigh School Undergraduate 1 3.2 High School Graduate 2 6.5 College Undergraduate 1 3.2 College Graduate 16 51.6 Vocational 4 12.9 Post-Graduate 7 22.6Current Position/OfficeNutrition 3 9.7 Health 3 9.7 Agribusiness 3 9.7 Education 2 6.5 Social Welfare and Development 3 9.7 Planing and Development 3 9.7 Interior and Local Government 1 3.2 Barangay Nutrition Scholar 2 6.5 Barangay Health Worker 5 16.1 Rural Health Midwife 1 3.2 Municipal Health Nurse 1 3.2 Day Care Center Worker 1 3.2 Kagawad on Health 2 6.5 Kagawad on Agriculture 1 3.2Old ages in Service ( old ages )1 to 5 8 25.8 6 to 10 10 32.3 11 to 15 7 22.6 16 to 20 3 9.7 21 and above 3 9.7Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in LagunaThis subdivision tackles the general and specific cognition and patterns of LNC in the M and E of nutrition plans. Respondents who merely conduct M and E were expected to reply the undermentioned set of inquiries about current M and E tools and patterns. Otherwise, they were asked to continue to the following portion of the questionnaire. Respondents were asked of how they understand M and E or how would they specify the footings. This subdivision besides reviews the data/results of M and E ; the flow of data/results, how it was submitted and used in planning, redesigning and footing for assessment if aims were achieved or non achieved.The Existing Monitoring and Evaluation SystemsIn the overall direction of nutrition and nutrition-related services, the Local Government Units ( LGUs ) , i.e. from the national degree the maps of NNC are performed to the local degree through the Local Nutrition Committees ( LNCs ) down to the barangay degre e. In the state, city/municipality and barangay, LNCs are commissioned for planning, implementing, monitoring, measuring and organizing the local programs of action for nutrition ( NNC, 2009 ) . Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 present the M and E patterns of the LNC for the provincial, metropolis, municipal, barangay 1 and barangay 2 degrees, severally. Some of the monitoring and rating tools used were the followers: Monitoring and Evaluation of Local Level Plan Implementation ( MELLPI ) . MELLPI is conducted yearly by the Regional Evaluation Team ( RET ) from March to April â€Å" to supervise and formalize the efficiency and effectivity of the nutrition and nutrition related activities implemented at the local degree † ( NNC, 2012 ) . MELLPI guidelines present a on the job paper for field implementers in carry oning the activity. This set of guidelines is used by PPAN implementers in carry oning the MELLPI at the national, regional, provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees. The MELLPI purposes to 1 ) Assess the efficiency of local degree execution ; 2 ) Measure alterations in weight position of preschool and school kids during the rating twelvemonth and the immediate past two old ages ; 3 ) Determine the extent to which nutrition is integrated into local development programs and plans ; and 4 ) Advocate for the go oning support for local nutrition plans ( NNC, 2012 ) . National Nutrition Survey ( NNS ) . NNS is a population-based study that assesses nutritionary position of nutritionally at-risk groups. The study updates the official statistics on nutrient, nutrition and wellness state of affairs in the Philippines and subsequently guides the preparation of nutrient and nutrition policies every bit good as intercession and related development plans. Furthermore, the study provides national and sub-national prevalence of malnutrition and proctor alterations in the nutrition state of affairs. ( FNRI, 2011 ) . Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) . The FHSIS purposes to 1 ) provide drumhead informations on wellness service bringing and selected plan achievement indexs at the barangay, municipality/city, territory, provincial, regional, and national degrees ; 2 ) provide informations which, when combined with informations from other beginnings, can be used for plan monitoring and rating purposed ; 3 ) supply a criterion, facility-level database which can be accessed for more in-depths surveies ; 4 ) guarantee that the information reported are utile and accurate and are disseminated in a timely and easy manner ; and 5 ) minimise the load of entering and describing at the service bringing degree in order to let more clip for patient attention and promotive activites ( Sta. Maria, 1993 ) . Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) . The MICS is a world-wide family study attempt to assist states in make fulling informations spreads for â€Å" monitoring human development in general and the state of affairs of kids and adult females in peculiar † ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . The MICS generated statistically dependable, globally comparable estimations of societal indexs which are needed â€Å" for supervising the ends and marks of the Millennium Declaration, the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the ends of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . Initially, MICS was designed to the international established set of ends that materialized from the 1990 World Summit for Children. Afterwhich, it has been implemented every five old ages since 1995 ( UNICEF, 2005 ) . Barangay Nutrition Action Plan. Formulation of nutrition action programmes has been an institutionalised activity of local nutrition commissions. The nutrition action program serves as the cardinal papers and footing for the integrating of nutrition considerations into the local development programs. It besides serves as the working papers and usher for field implementers and for monitoring and rating. The planning activity is initiated by the Municipal Mayor as Chairman of the MNC, while the municipal nutrition action officer coordinates the activity. Other M and E Tools. Based from the study, nutrition plans were besides assessed utilizing growing chart, single intervention records ( ITS ) , monthly achievement study ( MAR ) , narrative study, guidelines, mark sheet, logbook and pie chart ; during audience, behavior of personal interview, and family visits.Frequency of M and E of Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC indicated the frequence of M and E of nutrition and nutrition-related plans. It was categorized as monthly, quarterly and yearly. Others included ex-ante M and E, â€Å" as needed † and â€Å" non applicable † depending on the sorts of plan being implemented ; some marked the day of the month and clip of M and E.Nutritional IndexsNutrition and nutrition-related indexs were besides determined to measure the impact of plans. Nutritional indexs could be used to see the demand for other informations that can be really different from the premises for research, for patient direction, for doing publi c policy or for planning or measuring plans ( Habicht and Pelletier, 1999 ) .Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC managed and assessed several nutrition and nutrition-related plans such as distribution of 1 ) Oral Rehydration Solution and 2 ) Oregon and Zn supplementation to babies and immature kids with diarrhoea, 3 ) auxiliary eating provided to undernourish kids, constitution of gardens and raising of little animate beings through 4 ) home/community nutrient production, 5 ) nutrition instruction in school course of study, nutrition guidance, and multi-media run, distribution of seed to school kids in 6 ) school nutrient production plan and the assessment of the 7 ) Philippine Plan of Action for Nutriton..Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Provincial LevelAs defined by LNCs at the provincial degree, monitoring is an organized process of roll uping, regular checking of plan execution and construing information about a plan of activities ; appraisals may besides be done during monitoring. Besides, it is a tool to look into whether the trade goods reach the donees ; a supervising to guarantee that activities in advancement are on class and on agenda in run intoing the aims and public presentation marks. On the other manus, rating is looking at results-based on the effectivity and efficiency of the undertaking accomplishments based on the set aims ; measuring the impact of a plan. Evaluation besides involves measuring the strengths and failings of plans, policies, forces, merchandises and organisations to better their effectivity. Furthermore, it is a systematic assessment of the success of a plan, the opinion about whether a plan is successful or non reached by comparing the mark specified in the aim with the alterations that the plan really achieves. At the provincial degree, there were four nutrition plans being monitored and evaluated including auxiliary eating, home/community nutrient production, nutrition instruction and school nutrient production ( Table 3 ) . Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was assessed by Nutrition, Education and Planning and Development offices. Monitoring tools used were growing chart, single intervention records ( ITR ) , barangay nutrition action program ( BNAP ) , and monthly achievement studies ( MAR ) . Using weight of kids as an index, auxiliary eating was monitored indiscriminately every month, every one-fourth and every twelvemonth. On the other manus, the national nutrition study ( NNS ) , supervising and rating of local degree program execution ( MELLPI ) , accomplishment study and pie chart were used to measure the plan and weight addition as an index. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was managed by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Individual intervention record, BNAP, MAR and MELLPI were used to supervise the plan monthly, quarterly and yearly ; while, the NNS, multiple index bunch study ( MICS ) , MELLPI and MAR were used to measure the plan quarterly and yearly, dated from the month of March to May. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was accomplished by Planing and Development and Nutrition offices utilizing growing chart, BNAP and MAR. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Whereas, it was evaluated quarterly and yearly utilizing the NNS, MELLPI and MAR. School Food Production. The direction of school nutrient production was supervised by Nutrition and Planning and Development offices. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly, quarterly and yearly. Barangay Nutriton Action Plan and MAR were used for supervising while NNS, MELLPI and MAR for rating. The consequences gathered from monitoring and rating will be fed back to the municipalities ; augmentation activities for every barangay nutrition plan will be created. Reports made by Education officer were submitted to the cardinal office. The consequences of the other offices were forwarded to the Regional Evaluation Team and served as footing for the continuity of the plan or for happening other schemes. All informations collected from the provincial office were accomplished in signifiers and submitted personally or through facsimile to the regional office and so to the national office. The consequences obtained from the rating will be used in planning, in redesigning and footing for public presentation assessment if aims were achieved or non. In planning, the consequences were presented and be the footing for what should be improved. The consequences were used as footing for seting up extra financess for the continuity of the bing plan ; otherwise, for happening other schemes in instance the plan failed.Table 3. Monitoring and rating systems in the provincial degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MEvaluation ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Timeof EGigahertzIThymineRoentgenBacillusNitrogenAPhosphorusMeterARoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMomentQtANitrogenNitrogenSecondMeterICSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterARoentgenPieChartMomentQtAAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„Wt of chidrena?„a?â €ža?„Randoma?„a?„a?„a?„Wt additiona?„a?„a?„Everyday Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„March-May Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the City LevelThe LNC in the metropolis degree defined monitoring as a uninterrupted map that uses the systematic aggregation of informations on specified indexs to supply direction and the chief stakeholders of an on-going development intercession with indicants of the extent of advancement and accomplishment of aims and advancement in the usage of allocated financess. Evaluation, on the other manus, is the systematic and nonsubjective appraisal of an ongoing or completed undertaking, plan or policy including its design, execution and consequences ; results of the plan are used as footing for giving recommendations. Table 4 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented. Auxiliary Feeding. Program for targeted malnourished kids peculiarly auxiliary eating was organized by Nutrition office. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly utilizing growing chart and narrative study, severally. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was implemented by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Monthly and ex-ante monitoring and rating was used for the plan utilizing MAR and an existent interview of donees, and based on the guidelines, severally. The version of organic agriculture was used as the index for monitoring and rating. Nutrition Education and School Food Production. Nutrition instruction and school nutrient production was assessed by Nutrition office. Using narrative studies, the plan was monitored and evaluated quarterly. Filipino Plan of Action for Nutrition ( PPAN ) . The PPAN was monitored and evaluated by the Department of Education utilizing MELLPI. It was assessed yearly and as the demand arises. The consequences of the rating were collected by the judges and submitted personally or through facsimile to NNC regional office so to NNC cardinal office. In planning, the consequences of the plans were used to measure if there will be continuity or non.Table 4. Monitoring and rating systems in the metropolis degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Timeof MEvaluation ToolINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EGramCMeterARoentgenINitrogenThymineTocopherolRoentgenVoltITocopherolTungstenNitrogenRoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolASecondNitrogenTocopherolTocopherolCalciferolTocopherolvitamin DNitrogenRoentgenGramUracilICalciferolTocopherolLiterINitrogenTocopherolSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolAsneededAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Home/Communit y Food Productiona?„a?„Adaptation of organic agriculturea?„a?„During the implemen-tationa?„a?„During the implemen-tation Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„PPANa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Municipal LevelMonitoring is the regular checking of development or advancement of certain activity ; supplying information about the undertaking and measuring the advancement of plan or undertaking over clip. Furthermore, monitoring is supervising the undertaking, whether it was implemented harmonizing to guidelines and seeing to it that undertaking continues. As per DILG, the accelerator for excellence in local administration, they monitor the per centum of execution of plan and undertakings of different sections based on marks met and the quality of execution. Meanwhile, rating was defined as the procedure of finding the value or worth of a plan ; a more thorough appraisal or scrutiny of undertakings or plan at a specific point in clip looking into the impact of effectivit y of the undertaking. It is besides a plan activity designed to obtain nonsubjective information about the plan and to find the value of the undertaking whether successful or non. Evaluation for the DILG officers, they base the consequences of rating on the per centums and quality of execution of plans and undertakings. Table 5 presents the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented in the municipal degree. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. ORS, and ORS and zinc supplementation was quarterly monitored and evaluated utilizing Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) and narrative studies from the barangays. The plan was managed by the Municipal Health Office. Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was monitored and evaluated quarterly and yearly during December and January of the undermentioned twelvemonth utilizing growing chart and narrative study. Offices included in the execution were Nutrition, Interior and Local Government, Planning and Development and Social Welfare and Development offices. Decreased in the figure of malnourished kids was used as an index. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was assessed by Health, Agriculture and Interior and Local Government offices. The plan was monitored monthly ( from January to December ) utilizing ITR and narrative study and evaluated quarterly ( every crop ) utilizing narrative study and mark sheets. The standards intended for the plan were applied as an index. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored yearly and evaluated quarterly by Nutrition and DILG, using narrative study. Besides, school nutrient production was monitored and evaluated yearly by Nutrition office and DILG, doing usage of narrative study. The studies were in narrative signifier. Datas were collected from the barangay through the BNS and submitted to MNAO. Afterwards, submitted to the LCE and other officer concerned through electronic mail or facsimile. Datas were besides given to NGOs, church based establishments as requested. The consequences were used for budgeting intents and aiming of prioritize sector or barangay for the undertaking to turn to their demands.Table 5. Monitoring and rating systems in the municipal degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EFHydrogenSecondISecondGramCIThymineRoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtANitrogenRoentgenSecondCOxygenRoentgenTocopherolSecondHydrogenTocopherolTocopherolThymineMomentQtAOregona?„a?„a?„a?„ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„a?„a?„Auxiliary Eatinga?„a?„Decreased in figure of malnourished kidsa?„a?„Dec and Jan of the underm entioned twelvemontha?„a?„Dec and Jan of the undermentioned twelvemonth Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„January to Decembera?„a?„Standardsa?„Every crop Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 1 LevelMonitoring was defined as usage of growing monitoring such as weighing graduated table and height board ; a frequent trial, check-up and appraisal of patients. Evaluation, on the other manus, is look intoing if ends and aims were met or non ; detecting and measuring if the intercession made was effectual or non. Table 6 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans managed at the barangay 1. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. The distribution of ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation among patients with diarrhoeas were assessed by rural wellness accoucheuse. The instances of diarrhoea among kids were monitored upon audience to the wellness officer ; evaluated through the usage of logbook. Name callings of kids who obtained ORS and ORS and Zn addendums were written down in the logbook for rating intents. The plan has an impact if kids have improved their wellness position. However, deficiency of supplies gives the rural wellness accoucheuse a determination to urge the patients to see the nearby infirmary for farther check-up. Auxiliary Feeding. Headed by the BNS and supported by the rural wellness accoucheuse, auxiliary eating was monitored quarterly ( July, August and September ) and evaluated monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and monthly achievement study, severally. The increased weight of kids verified that the plan was successful. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored and evaluated by the BNS. A narrative study was used as a tool for quarterly monitoring and during the execution, the plan was evaluated. The results/data collected in the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation were put in black and white paper. No farther ratings and suggestions were provided. On the other manus, the consequences of other nutrition plans were personally submitted to the City Nutrition Action Office through narrative studies. If plans reached the mark objectives with proper allotment of financess, they will be continued or else better the planning of plans.Table 6. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 1 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/ALiterOxygenGramBacillusOxygenOxygenKMeterARoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/AOregona?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Increased wta?„July, August and Septembera?„Increased wta?„July, August and September Nutrition Educationa?„Improved cognitiona?„During tne executiona?„Improved cognitiona?„During the executionMonitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 2 LevelAs defined by LNC in the barangay 2 degree, monitoring is the look intoing the demands of a plan. It was besides defined as deliberation of kids either under or overnourished and numbering the entire figure of mark donees. Evaluation is the look intoing if plans are decently implemented, with proper budget allotment and checking if the plan has improved or non. Table 7 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans assessed in the barangay 2 degree. ORS and ORS Zinc Supplementation. The behavior of ORS and ORS zinc supplementation was monitored and evaluated by the municipal wellness nurse. The diarrhoea instances were determined and monitored quarterly upon audience in the centre and the consequences from FHSIS. The plans were evaluated quarterly in a narrative study for rating. Auxiliary Feeding. The BNS, assisted by the Kagawad on Health, conduct the execution of auxiliary eating among malnourished kids. The plan was monitored monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and evaluated monthly in a narrative study and through family visits. The indexs that the plan has achieved its aims were improved weight, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. Home/Community Food Production. The home/community nutrient production plan was managed by the BNS, Kagawad on Health and Kagawad on Agriculture. The plan was monitored and evaluated hebdomadal utilizing narrative study and by family visits. The figure of produced harvests suggested the impact of the plan. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was spearheaded by the BNS. The attending of the donees was used as the monitoring tool of the plan ; carried out every 3rd hebdomad of the month. The plan was evaluated every 3rd hebdomad of the month, completed through a narrative study. An improved weight indicates the achievement of the plan. School Food Production. The school nutrient production plan was initiated by the BNS. The plan was monitored hebdomadally in a narrative study and by agencies of family visits. The plan was evaluated hebdomadally in a narrative study. The index determined was the figure of harvests produced. The consequences of the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation plan were personally submitted to the provincial office. Sometimes, these were faxed for easier transportation of informations. The consequences of other nutrition plans were documented by the Councilors and maintain for farther mentions. However, the BNS personally submitted the consequences to the municipal nutrition action office with the needed signifiers. The rating of the plan determined if it should be retained, otherwise change the plan.Table 7. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 2 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineAThymineThymineTocopherolNitrogenCalciferolANitrogenCTocopherolFHSISMomentQtAWklyNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineMomentQtAWklyOregona?„a?„a?„Upon Consultationa? „a?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„Upon Consultationa?„a?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Improved wt ; wt-for-ht ; wt-for-agea?„July, Aug, Septa?„a?„Improved wta?„July, Aug, Sept Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„a?„Number of harvestsa?„Weekly Nutrition Educationa?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomada?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomad School Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„Number of harvestsa?„WeeklyKnowledge of Local Nutrition Committees in RBMEThis subdivision is an appraisal of the respondents ‘ cognition in results-based M and E. This subdivision determines the figure of LNC members who were cognizant of the basic information about the results-based direction attack ( Table 8 ) . A series of statements were provided to determine the basic constructs they acquainted ( Table 9 ) . From the entire respondents, a 3rd ( 33.3 % ) of respondents from both the provincial and municipal degrees and about 17 per centum from barangay 2 had acquired primary cognition about the results-based M and E.Table 8. Frequency of LNC with cognition in results-based M and EDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial2 33.3City0 0Municipal2 33.3Barangay 10 0Barangay 21 16.67 From the entire figure of respondents which had comprehension on results-based direction attack, all ( 100 % ) were familiar with the constructs such as: 1 ) combination of results and impacts appraisal, 2 ) a helpful attack to supervise and measure undertaking, plan and policy at all degrees, 3 ) can be performed at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities, 4 ) a beginning of cognition capital, 5 ) an aid in advancing greater transparence and answerability of stakeholders, 6 ) usage of indexs to place the results of undertakings, 7 ) informations aggregation on end products contributes towards attainment of results, 8 ) demands the stakeholders to plan and keep an organisational construction focused on consequences, 9 ) provides a qualitative and quantitative informations of results, 10 ) completed with strategic spouses, and ) records information of both success and failure.Table 9. Number of LNC with cognition in results-based monitoring and rating at different degrees StatementsProvincialMunicipalityBarangay 2FrequencyResults-based monitoring and rating combines with appraisal of results and impacts and allows organisation to modify and alter execution procedures. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems have been successfully designed and used to supervise and measure at all degrees – undertaking, plan, and policy. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating can be conducted at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems are a beginning of cognition capital that enable authoritiess and organisations to develop a cognition base of the types of undertakings, plans, and policies that are successful, and more by and large, what works, what does non, and why. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems can help in advancing greater transparence and answerability within organisations and authoritiess. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Indexs for results-based monitoring and rating are used to find the results of undertakings. 2/2 2/2 1/1 The informations aggregation on end products ( e.g. increased entree to ORS and zinc supplementation ) contributes toward accomplishment of results ( e.g. improved used of ORS and zinc supplementation ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating requires the organisation to make and prolong an organisational construction focused on consequences. 2/2 2/2 1/1 A systematic coverage with more qualitative and quantitative information on the betterment toward results. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating is done in partnership with strategic spouses. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating records information of both success and failure schemes in accomplishing desired results ( consequences ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1Strengths and Restrictions of M and E Practices of LNCThis subdivision assesses the preparedness of LNC in the execution of results-based direction attack. The strengths and restrictions of M and E patterns of LNC influence their capacity to plan and implement a results-based direction. Readiness appraisal was categorized harmonizing to organisational system, human resources, fiscal resources, and engineering and technology-related installations. Statements refering to each class were composed to find the bureaus ‘ capacity to implement a new M and E system. The subdivision besides deals with the relevant inputs/resources and activities identified by the LNC, which are of import in the development and execution of results-based M and E system in Laguna. Table 10 shows the acceptableness of LNC members if results-based direction will be designed and executed in their country. In the metropolis degree, 50 per centum acknowledged RBM ; more than 65 per centum in the municipal degree and about 85 per centum in barangay 2 degree. However, less than 50 per centum recognized RBM in barangay 1 degree. The overall credence of results-based direction attack in the state of Laguna was about 70 per centum.Table 10. Perceived Acceptability of RBMEDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial5 71.43*City3 50Municipal4 66.67Barangay 13 42.86Barangay 25 83.33 * Weight instance = 1.167 ; to generalise the state of Laguna Harmonizing to LNC members, the execution of a results-based direction in Laguna demands appropriate inputs and resources including 1 ) fiscal resources, 2 ) office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings, 3 ) proficient aid, and 4 ) human resources.Fiscal ResourcesSufficient fiscal resources are of import to accomplish the end of planing and implementing results-based M and E system ; and to guarantee a go oning support of the intended consequences. By and large, the organisation is responsible in geting new resources from stakeholders to continue an bing degree of fiscal support. Leaderships are apt for fiscal resources allocated to their offices. It is a responsibility for them to make effectual systems that will ease staff to maintain path of those resources ( Bruneau, 1994 ) .Technical Aidâ€Å" Technical aid strengthens the authorities ‘s ownership of reforms, particularly by heightening administration capablenesss † ( IMF, 2012 ) . Technical aid provides elaborate actions in the direction of plans. Results-based direction techniques must be adjunct by governmental regulations and processs to hold an influence on plan effectivity and better allow planning within bureaus ( Ortiz, et.al, 2004 ) .Human ResourcesHuman resource professionals have a cardinal function to play to assist organisation accomplish its aims ; influences many of the cardinal systems and concern procedures underpinning effectual bringing ; provide tools and models for the executing of the plan. Keepers of the fire when it comes to corporate civilization, squad edifice and alteration direction processes ( Strandberg, 2009 ) .Supply and EquipmentThis includes the office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings. A well-managed stuff resource produces a better service, without blowing other resources like clip and money. Consequently, touchable stuffs should be really stored and distributed ( BMS, 2012 ) . The LNC marked out elaborate activities needed in the execution of results-based direction attack. Here are the undermentioned actions that must be addressed: 1 ) protagonism, 2 ) courtesy call, 3 ) orientation and preparation, 4 ) meeting with implementers and 5 ) information, instruction and communicating stuffs.AdvocacyA strong protagonism promotes success of nutrition plans. It aids to edify stakeholders about what works at the community ; keeps the force per unit area on for sustained plan support and support ( Kurosky, 2007 ) .Courtesy Call, Orientation and TrainingOrientation introduces the attack to the organisation and imparts with an overview of how it functions. The activity accustoms the organisation to go more productive and effectual. Orientation and preparation are relevant activities to reenforce the capacities of the organisation to be familiar and have a common apprehension on the nucleus rules and constructs of results-based direction ; and how the method can be em ployed in ( rhenium ) scheduling, monitoring and coverage. Orientation and preparations with theoretical presentations and exercisings will let interpreting theory into pattern when scheduling, monitoring and coverage ; therefore, can be tailored to the specific demands of the organisation ( UNDP, 2002 ) .Meeting with ImplementersThis assembly of persons is performed to leave new information and talk about pertinent issues and programs/projects. Meetings with implementers play a important function in the preparation of strategic alterations within organisations ( Jarzabkowski, 2002 ) .Information, Education and Communication ( IEC )IEC serves as vehicles for the community to better their engagement and the stakeholders to better understand their functions in the execution of a results-based direction. Information is a trade good to be protected and employed strategically ; a tool for answerability, transparence and ownership. Communication is how information obtains certain activiti es. When the attack is being implemented, the authorities must be likely to analyze the IEC constituent as chiefly a public dealingss enterprise. ( Chibwana and Mohan, 2001 ) .